physical
cultural
semantic
logical
constrain possible operations through physical properties
best when restricting before interaction
orientation
directional movement
rely upon properties of physical world
no special training
encourage desired actions by limiting others
cultural norms: allowable actions for social situations
shared by a group
learned
not universal, change with time
can make errors
rely upon meaning of the situation
rely upon knowledge of the world
learned, not universal
reasonable understanding of how something works
trial and error
cultural constraints
inform how people should behave in (social) interactions
conflicts disrupt interaction
difficult to change
users object and complain
requires new learning
benefits need to outweigh costs
form of physical constraint
failure at one stage prevents next steps
strong constraint to prevent behaviors
keep an operation active
prevent prematurely stopping
prevent an event from occurring
used for safety reasons
can be nuisance
minimize nuisance, maintain safety
force the proper sequence
Chapter 2: Process of Interaction Design
Interaction Design
Chapter 6:Design Thinking
The Design of Everyday Things